omg omg ocup2 found100 practice test
OMG Certified UML Professional 2 (OCUP 2) - Foundation Level
Question 1
Choose the correct answer :
Which modeling relationship allows instances of one class to substitute for instances of another?
- A. auxiliary
- B. association
- C. dependency
- D. replacement
- E. generalization
Answer:
E
Explanation:
Generalization in UML is a modeling relationship that connects a general classifier (like a class) to a
more specific classifier. It is akin to an "is a" relationship where the specialized element (subclass)
inherits features from the general element (superclass), thus allowing instances of the subclass to
substitute for instances of the superclass. For example, if "Bird" is a superclass and "Eagle" is a
subclass, an instance of "Eagle" can substitute for an instance of "Bird". This relationship is
fundamental in object-oriented modeling for representing inheritance. According to the UML 2.5
specification, generalization allows a subclass to inherit part or all of the structure and behavior of a
superclass.
Question 2
Choose the correct answer :
How is the abstract syntax of UML specified?
- A. using a MOF metamodel
- B. using the Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
- C. using natural language (e.g.. English)
- D. using UML structure and behavior diagrams
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The abstract syntax of UML is specified using the Meta-Object Facility (MOF) metamodel. MOF is a
modeling language that provides a meta-meta-model at the top layer of the four-layer metadata
architecture, which is used to define the metamodels, like the UML. The MOF specification defines
the structure and semantics for constructing metamodels, including the UML. By using MOF, UML
ensures that its structure is well-defined and can be processed by tools that understand MOF-based
metamodels. The use of MOF to specify UML abstract syntax ensures a clear, structured, and
standardized method of describing the semantics of UML components, enabling consistent
interpretation and implementation across different modeling tools and environments.
Question 3
Choose the correct answer :
What represents the most appropriate use of UML during software development?
- A. forcing management decisions
- B. describing a planned or existing system to non-technical stakeholders
- C. capturing and clarifying the business-level concerns of a planned or existing system
- D. capturing the essential characteristics and design decisions of a planned or existing system
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The most appropriate use of UML during software development is to capture the essential
characteristics and design decisions of a planned or existing system. UML (Unified Modeling
Language) is primarily utilized to visually represent the architecture, design, and behavior of a
system, which includes detailing the components, relationships, and interactions within the system.
This makes it a critical tool for understanding complex systems and making informed design decisions
that align with project requirements and constraints. UML facilitates clear communication among
development team members and stakeholders, ensuring that design decisions are well-understood
and accurately implemented.
Question 4
Choose the correct answer :
For projects involving complex and strategic systems, what is a key advantage of developing models
before starting implementation?
- A. Developing models ensures that all requirements will be addressed.
- B. Models are useful to provide proof of progress to project management.
- C. Models help to establish a consensus among all the project stakeholders.
- D. Modeling helps to convince developers that models are necessary for good design.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
For projects involving complex and strategic systems, a key advantage of developing models before
starting implementation is that models help to establish a consensus among all the project
stakeholders. Creating UML models in the early stages of a project provides a visual and conceptual
representation of the system that can be easily understood by various stakeholders, including
developers, managers, and clients. This facilitates discussions and negotiations about the system’s
design and functionality, helping to ensure that all parties have a shared understanding and
agreement on the project’s objectives and solutions before significant resources are invested in
implementation.
Question 5
Choose the correct answer :
Why are abstractions in a model helpful?
- A. Abstractions add the full detail to the model.
- B. Abstractions can express or suppress detail as needed.
- C. Abstractions can be taken out and the model still makes sense.
- D. Abstractions are not helpful, but rather a distraction in models.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Abstractions in a model are helpful because they can express or suppress detail as needed. This
capability is essential in managing complexity in a model by focusing on the high-level, essential
aspects of the system while omitting or simplifying the less critical details. This selective detail
management aids in understanding and analyzing the system’s core functionality without getting
overwhelmed by its intricacies. Abstractions facilitate clearer communication, more focused analysis,
and more efficient system design by highlighting the most relevant aspects of the system in various
contexts.
Question 6
Choose the correct answer : Which technique does Abstraction incorporate?
- A. agile modeling
- B. information hiding
- C. complexity coupling
- D. context-driven decision making
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Abstraction in UML and software modeling often incorporates the technique of information hiding.
Information hiding is a principle that supports abstraction by ensuring that unnecessary details about
software components are not exposed to other parts of the system. This encapsulation strengthens
modularity and keeps various parts of the program independent of one another, which simplifies
complexity in large systems. Abstraction and information hiding are closely related; abstraction
focuses on the high-level structure of the system, while information hiding protects the internal
states and functionality of components, allowing changes without extensive impact on other system
parts.
Question 7
Choose the correct answer :
What is the defining characteristic of a domain model?
- A. It is a model that is specified using UML diagrams.
- B. It is a model that focuses on the domain requirements of the system
- C. It is a model that captures the main domain concepts and their relationships.
- D. It is a model that represents the domain architecture of the implementation of the system.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
A domain model's defining characteristic is that it captures the main domain concepts and their
relationships. This model focuses on representing the key elements within the problem domain,
outlining how these elements interact with each other without detailing the specific
implementations. The domain model is an essential tool in software development for understanding
and communicating the fundamental structure of the system from a problem domain perspective,
helping teams to design solutions that are well-aligned with actual domain needs. UML is often used
to represent domain models due to its capability to visually and clearly model complex relationships
and structures.
Question 8
Choose the correct answer :
Which characteristic should apply to any useful model?
- A. It is specified in UML.
- B. It is platform independent.
- C. It abstracts away irrelevant detail.
- D. It is specified using a visual notation.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
A key characteristic that should apply to any useful model, including those created with UML, is that
it abstracts away irrelevant details. This abstraction is crucial for managing complexity by focusing on
the essential aspects of the system that are relevant to the current perspective or analysis task. By
removing unnecessary information, the model remains understandable and manageable, even as the
underlying system grows in complexity. This principle helps maintain a clear and concise
representation of the system, enabling stakeholders to focus on strategic decisions without being
overwhelmed by details.
Question 9
Choose the correct answer :
Which category of stakeholders should have prime responsibility for making decisions on the
contents of a domain model, and why?
- A. The customers, as they will own the system when it is delivered
- B. The users, as they will be using the system when it is operational.
- C. All involved stakeholders, as they are knowledgeable and concerned.
- D. The development team, as they are responsible for the final implementation.
- E. Project managers, as they are responsible for delivering the right product to the customer
- F. The testing team, as test-driven design is proven to be an effective approach to development
- G. The system architects, as they are responsible for the design of the system and its proper functioning.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
In the development of a domain model, the prime responsibility for decision-making should ideally
rest with the users, as they are the ones who will be using the system operationally. Users have the
most direct and frequent interactions with the system, making them best positioned to provide
relevant insights into what the system should do and how it should behave to meet their needs
effectively. While other stakeholders such as customers, project managers, and developers play
significant roles, the users’ intimate knowledge of the domain processes and their requirements
make them key contributors to ensuring that the domain model aligns closely with real-world
application and utility.
Question 10
Choose the correct answer :
Which UML term pair captures complementary ways of looking at a relationship?
- A. include / extend
- B. use / implement
- C. dependency / trace
- D. aggregation / composition
- E. generalization / specialization
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The UML term pair that captures complementary ways of looking at a relationship is "aggregation /
composition". Both terms describe types of associations between classes but differ in the degree of
ownership and lifecycle dependency between the involved objects. Aggregation implies a weaker
relationship where the parent class contains or is linked to other classes but does not strictly control
their lifecycle (e.g., a university and its students). Composition, on the other hand, implies a stronger
relationship where the parent class has full responsibility for the lifecycle of the associated classes
(e.g., a house and its rooms). Understanding these relationships helps model systems more
accurately in terms of object ownership and lifecycle management.
Question 11
Choose the correct answer :
What is a reason to have all the UML diagrams of a model have the same amount of detail?
- A. This is typically required by management for planning purposes
- B. This is typically required by the implementers for coding purposes
- C. This is typically required by the system engineers to write requirements.
- D. This is typically required by tools that automatically transform the model.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Having all the UML diagrams of a model maintain the same level of detail is typically required by
tools that automatically transform the model into other forms, such as code or other types of
models. Consistency in the level of detail across different diagrams ensures that automated tools can
reliably interpret and convert the UML diagrams without encountering discrepancies that could lead
to errors or misrepresentations in the generated outputs. This consistency is crucial for maintaining
the integrity of the transformations and for ensuring that the resultant products accurately reflect
the intended design and specifications.
Question 12
Choose the correct answer :
Which statement characterizes a valuable model?
- A. A simple model that is useful has value.
- B. The value of a model is directly related to its complexity.
- C. A model must be "right" in an engineering sense to have value.
- D. The value of a model is always based on its ability to predict system behavior.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
A valuable model in UML and systems design is characterized by its usefulness rather than its
complexity or how "correct" it is in an engineering sense. A model's primary objective is to
effectively communicate the key aspects of a system or process, and simplicity often enhances this
communication by making the model easier to understand and use. The value of a model thus comes
from its ability to facilitate decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding among
stakeholders. This perspective aligns with the principle of Occam's Razor in modeling, which suggests
that simpler solutions are preferable when all other factors are equal. In UML, a model that provides
clear insights with minimal complexity is considered more valuable because it is accessible to a wider
audience and can be more readily applied to solve real-world problems.
Question 13
Choose the correct answer :
What is an advantage of modeling as a part of the software analysis and design process?
- A. It reduces the risk of inconsistent or improper implementations.
- B. It reduces the risk of incorporating technology constraints into a design.
- C. It reduces the risk of using an incorrect or improper programming language.
- D. It reduces the risk of the solution being strongly related to business practices.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Modeling as part of the software analysis and design process offers several advantages, one of the
primary being the reduction in the risk of inconsistent or improper implementations. By using
models, developers can visualize the structure and behavior of the system before actual coding
begins, allowing for the identification and correction of potential issues in the early stages of
development. This practice helps ensure that all components of the software work together as
intended, reducing the likelihood of bugs and inconsistencies that could arise if parts of the system
were developed in isolation. UML, as a standardized modeling language, provides a coherent and
universally understood set of diagrams and symbols, which facilitates clear communication among
team members and stakeholders, further mitigating the risk of misunderstandings that could lead to
improper implementations.
Question 14
Choose the correct answer :
Consider the following class diagram:
Which statement is true about the class diagram?
- A. The preferred age to open a bank account is 18 years old or older
- B. Only customers who are 18 years old or older can open a bank account.
- C. The age condition should only hold when the setAge(Integer) function is called
- D. An object of Customer with age set to 18 or greater will raise an exception.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
In UML 2, a class diagram is used to depict the structure of a system by showing the system's classes,
their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. The constraint
{age >= 18} in the Person class diagram indicates a condition that must hold true for the instances of
the Person class whenever they are used in the context of a BankAccount. This constraint is an
invariant of the Person class that specifies the rule for the attribute age.
Now, let's consider the provided options and explain why option B is correct:
A . The preferred age to open a bank account is 18 years old or older – This statement is incorrect
because the diagram does not indicate a preference; it indicates a constraint or a rule.
B . Only customers who are 18 years old or older can open a bank account – This is the correct
statement. The {age >= 18} constraint next to the age attribute of the Person class signifies that any
instance of Person associated with a BankAccount must be at least 18 years old. Since Person is
connected to BankAccount with the role name customer, this implies that only persons who are at
least 18 can be customers of a bank account.
C . The age condition should only hold when the setAge(Integer) function is called – This statement is
incorrect because the constraint {age >= 18} is not a condition that applies only when the setAge
operation is invoked. Instead, it is a class invariant that must always hold true for any instance of
Person.
D . An object of Customer with age set to 18 or greater will raise an exception – This is incorrect
because the UML diagram specifies a constraint, not an exception condition. The constraint ensures
validity, not the raising of an exception.
The answer is verified according to the UML 2 Foundation documents, such as the UML 2.5
specification, where class diagrams and constraints are defined. The specification states that
constraints are semantic conditions or restrictions expressed in natural language text or in a
machine-readable language that must hold true for the system being modeled (UML 2.5
specification, section 7.9).
Question 15
Choose the correct answer :
Consider the following diagram:
Which statement is correct according to the diagram?
- A. responsiblePerson inherits from Person.
- B. Client and Manager have nothing in common.
- C. responsiblePerson can not refer to an object of class Client.
- D. The object referred to as responsiblePerson can be a Manager.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
In UML class diagrams, relationships between classes are represented in a number of different ways,
including generalization, association, and composition.
Looking at the provided options, let's analyze each one:
A . responsiblePerson inherits from Person – This is incorrect because the responsiblePerson is an
attribute of the Task class, not a class itself, so it cannot inherit from Person.
B . Client and Manager have nothing in common – This is incorrect because both Client and Manager
are specialized types of Person as indicated by the generalization arrows pointing to Person.
C . responsiblePerson can not refer to an object of class Client – This is incorrect. responsiblePerson is
typed by Person, which means that it can refer to an instance of any subclass of Person, including
Client.
D . The object referred to as responsiblePerson can be a Manager – This is correct. Since
responsiblePerson is an attribute of the Task class with the type Person, and Manager is a subclass of
Person, responsiblePerson can indeed refer to an instance of Manager.
The correct answer is based on the UML 2 Foundation specification that describes how attributes are
typed by classes and can refer to instances of these classes or their subclasses (UML 2.5 specification,
sections 9.3.3 and 9.5.3). The generalization relationship (represented by a triangle followed by a
line) establishes a hierarchy between a more general element and a more specific element, which in
this case means that Client and Manager are both specific types of Person and can be used wherever
Person is expected (UML 2.5 specification, section 9.4.5).