How are commits related to pull requests?
A
Explanation:
Commits and pull requests (PRs) are fundamental concepts in Git and GitHub workflows, particularly
in collaborative software development.
Commits:
Commits are individual changes or updates made to the codebase. Each commit is identified by a
unique SHA-1 hash and typically includes a commit message describing the changes.
Commits are made to a specific branch in the repository. The branch could be the main branch, or
more commonly, a feature branch created for specific work or a feature.
Pull Requests (PRs):
A pull request is a mechanism for developers to notify team members that a branch is ready to be
merged into another branch, usually the main branch.
PRs are used to review code, discuss changes, and make improvements before the branch is merged
into the target branch.
Relationship Between Commits and PRs:
Option A is correct because commits are made on a branch, and this branch can have a pull request
associated with it. The pull request tracks the branch’s commits and allows for code review before
merging into the target branch.
Commits can be added to the branch both before and after the pull request is created. Any new
commits pushed to the branch are automatically included in the pull request.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because commits can be made both before and after a pull request is created.
Option C is incorrect because it suggests that commits can only be made before a pull request is
created, which is not true.
Option D is incorrect because commits are not made on a pull request; they are made on a branch.
The pull request links a branch to another branch (e.g., feature branch to the main branch).
Reference:
GitHub Documentation: About Pull Requests
GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
Git Documentation: Git Basics - Getting a Git Repository
What is the difference between an organization member and an outside collaborator?
A
Explanation:
In GitHub, an organization member is a user who has been added to an organization and is subject to
the organization's base permissions and policies. An outside collaborator is a user who is not a
member of the organization but has been granted access to one or more repositories within the
organization.
Here’s the difference between an organization member and an outside collaborator:
Organization Members:
Members are subject to the organization's base permissions, which apply across all repositories
within the organization. These permissions might include read, write, or admin access, depending on
what has been set as the default.
Members consume paid licenses if the organization is on a paid plan.
Members are required to have two-factor authentication (2FA) if the organization enforces it.
Outside Collaborators:
Outside collaborators do not have organization-wide permissions. They only have access to specific
repositories to which they have been granted permission. This means organization base permissions
do not apply to them (making option A correct).
Outside collaborators do not consume paid licenses. They are only counted toward the license if they
are made organization members.
Outside collaborators can be granted any level of permission, including the admin role on specific
repositories.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) can be enforced for outside collaborators at the repository level,
depending on the organization's security settings.
Given this information, option A is the correct answer: "Organization base permissions do not apply
to outside collaborators."
Reference:
GitHub Documentation: Roles in an organization
GitHub Documentation: About outside collaborators
GitHub Documentation: Managing repository access for your organization
What are the defining features of Git?
A
Explanation:
Git is a widely-used version control system that has several defining features:
Distributed Version Control:
Git is a distributed version control system, meaning that every developer has a full copy of the entire
repository, including its history, on their local machine. This enables greater flexibility, as work can be
done offline and each user has access to the full project history.
Open Source Software:
Git is open-source, meaning its source code is freely available for use, modification, and distribution.
This fosters a large community of users and contributors who continuously improve the software.
Efficiency with Large Projects:
Git is designed to handle projects of any size with speed and efficiency. It can manage large
codebases and many contributors without significant performance degradation, making it suitable
for everything from small personal projects to large, complex software systems.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because Git is not a sequential version control system, nor is it inherently tied to
cloud-based services. GitHub, GitLab, and other platforms offer cloud hosting for Git repositories, but
Git itself is a version control tool.
Option C is incorrect because Git is not limited to small projects; it is designed to scale efficiently, and
the other features mentioned are only partial descriptions of Git's capabilities.
Option D is incorrect because Git is not a centralized version control system; it is distributed.
Additionally, Git is open-source, not proprietary, and is used for projects of all sizes.
Reference:
Pro Git Book: What is Git?
Git Documentation: Distributed Version Control
GitHub Docs: Understanding the Git Workflow
Who can be assigned to an Issue or pull request?
(Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose two.)
B, D
Explanation:
In GitHub, issues and pull requests (PRs) are essential tools for managing work and collaboration in a
project. Assigning individuals to these issues or PRs is a way to indicate responsibility for addressing
the issue or completing the PR.
Anyone with write permissions to the repository:
Users who have write permissions to a repository can be assigned to issues and pull requests. Write
permissions allow users to push changes to the repository, create branches, and modify issues and
pull requests. Assigning them to an issue or PR ensures they are recognized as responsible for the
task.
Anyone who has commented on the Issue or pull request:
GitHub allows you to assign issues or pull requests to users who have already engaged with the
discussion by commenting on it. This feature is particularly useful for quickly assigning tasks to those
who are already involved in the conversation.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because having an enterprise GitHub account alone does not necessarily grant
the ability to be assigned to issues or PRs. Permission to assign is based on repository-specific roles
and permissions.
Option C is incorrect because not all personal GitHub accounts can be assigned to issues or PRs. The
user needs either write permissions to the repository or must have commented on the issue or PR.
Reference:
GitHub Docs: Assigning Issues and Pull Requests
GitHub Docs: Permission Levels for a Repository
This detailed explanation provides clarity on GitHub's assignment mechanics for issues and pull
requests, reflecting the platform's collaborative nature.
Which of the following is the best GitHub feature for long-form documentation for a project?
D
Explanation:
GitHub offers a variety of features for different aspects of project management and documentation.
For long-form documentation, the best feature is Wikis. Wikis in GitHub allow you to create detailed,
structured documentation that is easy to navigate and edit. Each repository in GitHub can have its
own Wiki, which acts as a space for collaborators to maintain project documentation, guides,
manuals, or any other long-form content.
Wikis are specifically designed to host extensive documentation in a way that is easy to reference
and edit over time. They support Markdown, allowing you to format your documentation effectively.
Unlike the other options, Wikis are explicitly intended for the purpose of long-form content, making
them the best choice for this use case.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of GitHub Projects?
C
Explanation:
GitHub Projects is a flexible and powerful tool for project management that allows users to manage
their work with ease. One of the key characteristics of GitHub Projects is the ability to create and
customize multiple views. This feature enables teams to tailor the project management experience
to their specific workflow needs, offering various ways to visualize tasks, issues, and work items.
Custom Views: You can set up different views like Kanban boards, tables, or timelines, and apply
filters to show only what is relevant for a particular aspect of the project. This customization allows
teams to organize their work in a way that best suits their processes, making it a highly adaptable
project management tool.
Other options, such as visualizing commit history (which would fall under the 'Insights' feature),
importing Gantt charts (which GitHub Projects does not natively support), or enforcing required
fields (which might relate to form-based tools but not to GitHub Projects specifically), do not align
with the key characteristics of GitHub Projects.
Which of the following is an Innersource development practice?
B
Explanation:
Innersource is a development practice where an organization adopts open-source development
methodologies within its own internal environment. The primary goal of innersource is to break
down silos and encourage collaboration across different teams within the organization.
Sharing Code Between Teams:
Option B is correct because innersource involves sharing code between teams within the
organization, similar to how open-source communities share code across the public domain. This
practice fosters collaboration, improves code quality, and allows for reuse of code, reducing
duplication of efforts.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because adopting open-source code into the organization is related to using
open-source software, not specifically to innersource practices.
Option C is incorrect because removing open-source code from the organization is contrary to the
principles of both open source and innersource.
Option D is incorrect because making all repositories publicly accessible refers to open source, not
innersource. Innersource typically involves keeping code internal to the organization.
Reference:
GitHub Docs: What is Innersource?
Innersource Commons: The Basics
Which of the following GitHub syntax formats is consistent with the associated text?
C
Explanation:
GitHub supports various syntax formats that align with Markdown and HTML conventions. Here's a
breakdown of the provided options:
Comment Syntax:
Option C is correct. The syntax <!-- This is a comment --> is used in Markdown files to insert
comments. These comments will not be rendered in the final output, making them useful for adding
notes or instructions within the code or documentation.
Incorrect Options:
Option A (* This is a heading) is incorrect because an asterisk (*) denotes an unordered list item, not
a heading. A heading in Markdown is typically created with one or more hash symbols (#).
Option B (This is a link) is incorrect because this is plain text and not the syntax for creating a link. The
correct syntax would be [This is a link](URL).
Option D (This is bolded text) is incorrect because this is plain text, not the correct Markdown syntax
for bold text, which should be **This is bolded text** or __This is bolded text__.
Option E (1. This is an ordered list) is incorrect as it does represent an ordered list item, but it was not
the syntax format asked about in the question. The question specifically focuses on matching
associated text with syntax, where only the comment option is correct.
Reference:
GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)
GitHub Docs: Basic writing and formatting syntax
What are the key areas of focus for GitHub?
(Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose three.)
A, B, D
Explanation:
GitHub focuses on several key areas that align with its mission to support developers and foster
collaboration:
Nurturing a Community That Supports Open Source Principles:
Option A is correct. GitHub is a major advocate for open-source software development, providing
tools and platforms that enable open collaboration. GitHub hosts millions of open-source projects
and supports a community-driven approach to software development.
Providing Access and Opportunities for Developers:
Option B is correct. GitHub provides a wide range of resources, such as GitHub Education, GitHub
Actions, and GitHub Marketplace, to empower developers. These tools and opportunities help
developers of all levels to learn, contribute, and improve their skills.
Building a Technology Platform for Secure Code Sharing and Collaboration:
Option D is correct. GitHub’s core function is to provide a platform where developers can securely
share code and collaborate. Features like private repositories, branch protections, and GitHub
Actions for CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment) workflows highlight this focus.
Incorrect Options:
Option C is incorrect because GitHub is not a social media platform for project managers; it is a code
hosting platform with social features primarily aimed at developers.
Option E is incorrect because GitHub does not focus on hosting video calls. While some integrations
might allow for video conferencing, it is not a core focus of GitHub.
Reference:
GitHub Docs: The GitHub Developer Experience
GitHub Docs: About GitHub
This detailed explanation covers the primary focuses of GitHub, emphasizing its role in the open-
source community and its commitment to providing a secure and collaborative platform for
developers.
After 30 minutes of inactivity, a GitHub Codespace will:
D
Explanation:
After 30 minutes of inactivity, a GitHub Codespace will time out. This is designed to conserve
resources when the Codespace is not being actively used. The session will be paused, and you'll need
to reconnect to resume your work. However, the Codespace is not deleted, and any unsaved changes
might not be lost but should be committed or saved to prevent data loss.
As a user, what feature can you use to merge proposed changes in a repository on GitHub?
B
Explanation:
The feature you can use to merge proposed changes in a repository on GitHub is Pull requests. Pull
requests are a core feature of GitHub, allowing developers to propose changes to a codebase, review
code, discuss the changes, and eventually merge them into the main branch. This collaborative
workflow ensures that code is reviewed and vetted before becoming part of the project.
What layouts are available for GitHub Projects?
(Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose three.)
B, C, D
Explanation:
GitHub Projects supports various layouts to help teams organize and visualize their work. The
available layouts include:
B . Kanban: This is a visual task management tool where tasks are represented as cards and moved
across columns that represent different stages of work.
C . Board: This layout is similar to Kanban but can be more flexible, allowing users to set up boards in
various ways to suit their workflow needs.
D . Table: The Table layout allows you to view your tasks in a spreadsheet-like format, making it easy
to manage and edit large amounts of data at once.
Roadmap and Backlog are not standard layouts provided by GitHub Projects. While these terms
might be relevant in other project management contexts, GitHub Projects specifically offers Kanban,
Board, and Table layouts.
Which of the following describes a branch in Git?
C
Explanation:
In Git, a branch is a fundamental concept that represents an independent line of development within
a project. Here's a more detailed explanation:
Branch in Git:
Option C is correct because a branch in Git is essentially a separate, isolated copy of the project's
codebase where you can make changes without affecting the main codebase. Branches allow
developers to work on features, fixes, or experiments in parallel to the main project.
Other Options:
Option A is incorrect because while a branch does point to a specific commit (which represents a
snapshot of the project), the description lacks the emphasis on the isolated and parallel
development aspect that is critical to the understanding of branches.
Option B is incorrect because a branch is not a physical copy stored on disk; it is a logical reference
within the repository.
Option D is incorrect because that description better fits the concept of a fork, not a branch. A fork is
a new repository that is a copy of another repository, usually used to contribute back to the original
("upstream") repository.
Reference:
Git Documentation: Branches in a Nutshell
GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
Where should a repository admin navigate to view pre-built visualizations from repository data?
C
Explanation:
GitHub provides repository admins with a feature called "Insights" where they can view various pre-
built visualizations and analytics related to the repository.
Insights:
Option C is correct because the "Insights" tab in a GitHub repository offers various pre-built
visualizations, including contributions, traffic, code frequency, dependency graphs, and more. This
helps admins and maintainers track the project's activity and health.
Other Options:
Option A (Settings) is incorrect because the Settings tab is where you configure repository settings,
permissions, and integrations, but it does not provide visualizations of repository data.
Option B (Issues) is incorrect because the Issues tab is used for tracking bugs, enhancements, and
other tasks but does not provide data visualizations.
Option D (Charts) is incorrect as there is no "Charts" tab or section in GitHub. The correct location for
data visualizations is under "Insights."
Reference:
GitHub Docs: Viewing Repository Insights
How can a user create a repository template, and what permissions are required?
A
Explanation:
Creating a repository template in GitHub requires specific steps and permissions:
Creating a Repository Template:
Option A is correct because a user with Admin permissions can navigate to the repository's settings
and enable the "Template Repository" option. This allows other users to generate new repositories
from this template, which includes all branches, tags, and file history.
Other Options:
Option B is incorrect because "Maintain" permissions do not allow the creation of repository
templates, and the option is not found in Organization settings but in the repository settings.
Option C is incorrect because the "Template Repository" option is in the repository settings, not in
Organization settings.
Option D is incorrect because "Maintain" permissions do not grant the ability to create a repository
template.
Reference:
GitHub Docs: Creating a Template Repository