In NSA networking, which of the following modes is used to anchor 5G NR?
D
Explanation:
The non-standalone (NSA) mode of 5G NR refers to an option of 5G NR deployment that depends on
the control plane of an existing 4G LTE network for control functions, while 5G NR is exclusively
focused on the user plane.
[7][8]
This is reported to speed up 5G adoption, however some operators
and vendors have criticized prioritizing the introduction of 5G NR NSA on the grounds that it could
hinder the implementation of the standalone mode of the network
Which of the following devices is used to implement service slicing on the 5G RAN side?
B
Explanation:
On the 5G RAN side, Service Slicing is implemented using a Base Band Unit (BBU). A BBU is a device
that performs baseband processing functions, such as modulation, demodulation, and
encoding/decoding of signals. It is also responsible for the connection to the core network and the
management of the radio resources. In 5G, BBU is a key component to support service slicing, where
different services can be assigned different slices of the network resources, such as bandwidth,
power, and quality of service. This allows for more efficient use of resources and better management
of different types of traffic, such as broadband and low latency services.
E2E network device update is required for the evolution from 5G NSA networking to SA networking.
A
Explanation:
End-to-end (E2E) network device update is required for the evolution from 5G Non-Stand-Alone
(NSA) networking to Stand-Alone (SA) networking. In 5G NSA networking, the control plane functions
are handled by the 4G LTE network, while the user plane functions are handled by the 5G NR
network. In contrast, in 5G SA networking, the control plane and user plane functions are handled by
the 5G NR network alone. So, to evolve from 5G NSA to 5G SA, all the network devices including
Radio Access Network (RAN), Core Network (CN) and Transport Network (TN) need to be updated
with 5G SA capable software and hardware.
It is important to note that 5G SA provides more flexibility, control and autonomy for network
operation and management, However, it also requires a higher level of complexity and more
resources to operate.
5G wireless network cloudification can significantly improve the user rate.
A
Explanation:
Cloudification of 5G wireless networks can significantly improve the user rate. Cloudification refers to
the process of virtualizing the functions of a network and running them on commodity hardware in a
data center, rather than on dedicated hardware in the network itself. In the case of 5G wireless
networks, this can be achieved by virtualizing the Base Station (gNB) functions and running them on
a cloud platform. This allows for more efficient use of resources and better scalability, which can
result in an improved user rate.
Additionally, Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) architecture, which is a cloud-based centralization of the baseband
processing functions can also be used to improve the user rate by reducing the number of active
base stations required in a given area, and also by allowing for more efficient management of
resources and more flexible deployment of services.
However, it's worth noting that the improvement of the user rate is not only limited to cloudification,
but it's also related to many other factors such as network design, optimization, and management.
C-band is the most popular frequency band for 5G network deployment. However, there is an
imbalance between uplink and downlink coverage — how much does this imbalance approximately
amount to?
B
Explanation:
The imbalance between uplink and downlink coverage in C-band is not fixed, it varies depending on
the network configuration, location, and other factors. Generally speaking, it's hard to provide an
exact number for this imbalance, as it depends on the specific network conditions and the
equipment used.
However, a common practice is to use more power in downlink than uplink, this is due to the fact
that downlink is more sensitive to path loss than uplink, and also because the downlink signal is
intended to cover a larger area than the uplink. Therefore, the imbalance is commonly in the range
of 3 to 6 dB, and it's more likely to be at the lower end of that range. So, the correct answer is B. 3dB
It's worth noting that the C-band is not the most popular frequency band for 5G network
deployment, it's just one of the many frequency bands that are being used for 5G deployment, and
the most popular frequency bands for 5G deployment vary depending on the country, region, and
operator.
F-OFDM over the NR air interface uses flexible subcarrier spacing to meet the requirements of
different 5G service scenarios. Which of the following types of subcarrier spacing is not supported by
Sub6G?
A
Explanation:
F-OFDM (Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) over the NR air interface uses flexible
subcarrier spacing to meet the requirements of different 5G service scenarios. F-OFDM is a 5G
physical layer waveform that is designed to provide high spectral efficiency, low complexity and low
latency. It uses a flexible subcarrier spacing, which can be adjusted to meet the requirements of
different 5G services. The subcarrier spacing can be 15KHz, 30KHz, 60KHz, or 120KHz.
Sub-6GHz 5G networks are designed to provide wide-area coverage and support high data rate
services such as mobile broadband, IoT, and critical communications. Sub-6GHz band is mainly used
for 5G deployment in rural areas, and in-building coverage.
Therefore, the subcarrier spacing that is not supported by Sub-6GHz is 120KHz. So the correct answer
is A. 120KHz. It's worth noting that each subcarrier spacing has its own advantages and
disadvantages. 120KHz spacing is mainly used for low mobility services such as fixed wireless access,
while 15KHz spacing is mainly used for high mobility services such as mobile broadband.
The mmWave range is new for NR. It supports the largest bandwidth in a cell but has poor coverage
capabilities. It requires high performance from RF components and generally applies only to line of
sight (LOS) coverage.
A
Explanation:
The mmWave range is a new spectrum range for 5G NR, and it supports the largest bandwidth in a
cell. However, it has poor coverage capabilities, as it requires high performance from RF components
and generally applies only to line of sight (LOS) coverage. This makes it challenging to use in many
applications, as it requires careful planning and implementation in order to ensure effective
coverage.
https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wiki/5g-implementation-guidelines/
5G Implementation Guidelines: NSA Option 3 - Future Networks
https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wiki/5g-implementation-guidelines/
https://www.ericsson.com/en/ran
5G RAN - Radio Access Networks - Ericsson
https://www.ericsson.com/en/ran
https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/InDesign-Understanding-mmWave-for-
5G-Networks.pdf
Understanding mmWave for 5G Networks 1 - 5G Americas
https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/InDesign-Understanding-mmWave-for-
5G-Networks.pdf
The millimeter wave (mmWave) range is new for 5G NR (New Radio). It supports the largest
bandwidth in a cell but has poor coverage capabilities. It requires high performance from RF
components and generally applies only to line of sight (LOS) coverage.
The mmWave range is considered to be the higher frequency range of the 5G spectrum and it
includes frequencies above 24GHz, such as 28GHz, 38GHz and 60GHz. These frequencies offer a large
amount of bandwidth, which is necessary to support high-data rate services, such as ultra-high-
definition video streaming, virtual reality, and the internet of things.
However, the mmWave range has poor coverage capabilities because the signals are easily blocked
by obstacles such as buildings and trees, and they also have a shorter propagation distance than
lower frequency bands. Therefore, mmWave range is generally used for high-density urban areas,
and indoor environments.
Additionally, RF components for mmWave have to meet high performance requirements, such as
high linearity, high gain and high power handling capability. Also, the mmWave signals are highly
sensitive to the presence or absence of a clear line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and the
receiver, which makes it less reliable for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) coverage.
Which of the following statements about the NR slot structure are correct? (Choose All that Apply)
ABD
Explanation:
1. NR downlink slots are used to transmit downlink data and control information, such as channel
state information (CSI) and downlink control information (DCI). B. Downlink self-contained slots are
also called as "Downlink Shared Channels (DL-SCH) slots", they can be used to transmit downlink
data, but also can be used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) and sounding reference
signals (SRS) in the downlink direction.
2. The symbols in a slot can be classified as downlink, uplink, or flexible, meaning that the symbols
can be used to transmit data in either direction, or to transmit control information.
It's worth noting that the NR slot structure is designed to be flexible and efficient, it allows for a
variable slot duration and a variable number of symbols, depending on the subcarrier spacing and
the number of resource blocks used. This flexibility is intended to support a wide range of services
and traffic types.
5G inherits the frame structure of 4G, but the slot length can be adjusted based on different SCSs.
Which of the following is not a 5G slot length?
B
Explanation:
5G inherits the frame structure of 4G, but the slot length can be adjusted based on different
subcarrier spacings (SCSs). The 5G slot length can be adjusted from 0.25ms to 1ms, with each slot
containing one or more symbols.
The shorter the slot length, the higher the frequency and the less the coverage, but it allows for
more efficient use of resources and higher data rates. The longer the slot length, the lower the
frequency, the better the coverage, but it's less efficient in terms of resource usage and data rate.
So, the correct answer is B. 10ms, is not a 5G slot length. It's worth noting that the 5G standard
defines several slot lengths, and the choice of slot length depends on the specific use case and the
requirements of the service being supported.
Which of the following parameters is related to the frequency-domain position of PBCH DMRSs?
B
Explanation:
PCI (Physical Cell Identity) is related to the frequency-domain position of PBCH DMRSs (Physical
Broadcast Channel Demodulation Reference Signals)
The PBCH DMRSs are used to demodulate the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) which contains
system information such as the cell identity, system bandwidth, and the downlink carrier frequency.
The PBCH DMRSs are transmitted in the frequency domain, and their position is determined by the
Physical Cell Identity (PCI). The PCI is a unique identifier assigned to each cell in the network, and it's
used to identify the cell and its system information.
So, the correct answer is B. PCI. It's worth noting that the other parameters you mentioned are also
related to the 5G system information and the cell configuration. Cell ID is a unique identifier assigned
to each cell, SI-RNTI (System Information RNTI) is a unique identifier assigned to the system
information, and Bandwidth is the amount of frequency resources allocated to the cell.
SSB GSCN is the center frequency number of an NR cell.
A
Explanation:
SSB GSCN is the center frequency number of an NR cell. SSB GSCN stands for "SS block group-specific
cell number" and is used to identify the center frequency of an NR cell. This value is used in
combination with the operating bandwidth of the cell to determine the physical layer resource grid
for the cell. As such, it is important for the correct SSB GSCN to be configured for the cell in order to
ensure the correct channel coding.
https://www.qualcomm.com/content/dam/qcomm-martech/dm-
assets/documents/powerpoint_presentation_-_making_5g_nr_a_reality_february_2020_web.pdf
Making 5G NR a Commercial Reality A unified, more capable 5G air ...
https://www.qualcomm.com/content/dam/qcomm-martech/dm-
assets/documents/powerpoint_presentation_-_making_5g_nr_a_reality_february_2020_web.pdf
https://www.gtigroup.org/d/file/Resources/rep/2019-07-
05/cbf7810256b4c312c460863fcb77bd58.pdf
GTI 5G Device Power Consumption White Paper
https://www.gtigroup.org/d/file/Resources/rep/2019-07-
05/cbf7810256b4c312c460863fcb77bd58.pdf
In 5G NR, the SSB (Secondary Synchronization Signal Block) is used to provide the time and
frequency synchronization information to the mobile devices. It is transmitted in the frequency
domain and it consists of two parts: the SSB GSCN (Secondary Synchronization Signal Block - Group
and Sequence Number) and the SSB MIB (Secondary Synchronization Signal Block - Master
Information Block).
The SSB GSCN is a unique identifier that indicates the center frequency number of the cell. It is used
to identify the cell and to determine the frequency offset of the cell with respect to the carrier
frequency.
So, the statement is true, SSB GSCN is the center frequency number of an NR cell. It's worth noting
that the SSB MIB contains other system information such as the system bandwidth, the transmission
bandwidth configuration, and the number of symbols in a slot.
Which of the following NR slot configurations are defined in 3GPP specifications? (Choose All that
Apply)
ABCD
Explanation:
1. Mixed slot is a slot configuration in which at least one downlink/uplink symbol is present, while
other symbols can be flexibly configured for downlink or uplink transmission. This allows for a more
efficient use of resources and better support for different types of services. B. Flexible-slot is a slot
configuration in which all symbols are flexibly configured for downlink or uplink transmission. This
allows for a more efficient use of resources and better support for different types of services. C.
Downlink-only slot is a slot configuration in which all symbols are dedicated for downlink
transmission, This configuration is mainly used for downlink-centric services such as video streaming
or software downloads. D. Uplink-only slot is a slot configuration in which all symbols are dedicated
for uplink transmission, this configuration is mainly used for uplink-centric services such as voice calls
or video conferencing.
Which of the following channels (signals) can be used for cell measurement in NR?
AB
Explanation:
1. DM-RS (Demodulation Reference Signals) are transmitted in the frequency domain, they are used
to demodulate the downlink data and control channels, and they can be used for cell measurement
such as cell identification, cell reselection, and handover. B. CSI-RS (Channel State Information
Reference Signals) are also transmitted in the frequency domain, they are used to provide channel
state information for downlink data and control channels, and they can be used for cell measurement
such as link adaptation, beamforming and interference management.
DM-RS stands for Demodulation Reference Signal and is used for channel estimation in the
frequency domain. CSI-RS stands for Channel State Information Reference Signal and is used for
channel estimation in the time-frequency domain. PT-RS and SSB are not channels (signals) that can
be used for cell measurement in NR.
At which layer is downlink data split implemented over the NR air interface in the NSA Option 3x
architecture?
B
Explanation:
Downlink data split over the NR air interface in the NSA Option 3x architecture is implemented at the
medium access control (MAC) layer. The MAC layer is responsible for the management of data
transmission over the air interface, including segmentation and reassembly of data packets,
scheduling of transmission resources, and error correction. The other layers (RLC, PDCP, and physical)
are not involved in the implementation of downlink data split.
https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5a9
64aa85&appId=PPGMS
Preliminary results for multi-service support in link solution adaptation
https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5a9
64aa85&appId=PPGMS
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6287639/8948470/08998153.pdf
3GPP NR Sidelink Transmissions Toward 5G V2X
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6287639/8948470/08998153.pdf
https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Inbox/Marcoms/ICT_6_1-2.pdf
journal of ict standardization - 3gpp
https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Inbox/Marcoms/ICT_6_1-2.pdf
In the Non-Stand-Alone (NSA) Option 3x architecture, the control plane functions are handled by the
4G LTE network (EPC), while the user plane functions are handled by the 5G NR network. Data split is
a technique that allows to split the user plane data between the 4G LTE and 5G NR networks.
The MAC (Medium Access Control) layer is responsible for controlling the access to the shared
wireless medium, and it is where the downlink data split is implemented. In this architecture, the
MAC layer in the 5G NR network receives the downlink data from the 4G LTE network and sends it to
the physical layer for transmission.
According to 3GPP specifications, which of the following is not an RRC state in 5G?
D
Explanation:
According to 3GPP specifications, the RRC states in 5G are RRCIDLE, RRCACTIVE, and
RRCCONNECTED. RRCINACTIVE is not an RRC state defined in 3GPP specifications. RRCIDLE is the
state when the UE is not attached to an eNB and is not actively monitoring for paging. RRCACTIVE is
the state when the UE is attached to an eNB and is actively monitoring for paging. RRCCONNECTED is
the state when the UE has an established RRC connection with an eNB.
The RRC is a protocol that controls the radio resources of the mobile device in a cellular network.
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) has defined several RRC states for 5G NR (New Radio) to
manage the radio resources of the mobile device. These states are:
1. RRC_IDLE: The mobile device is not connected to any cell and is not actively searching for a cell to
connect to. B. RRC_ACTIVE: The mobile device is connected to a cell and is actively communicating
with it. C. RRC_CONNECTED: The mobile device is connected to a cell, but it's not actively
communicating with it. It is in a low power state and is only listening to the paging channel for
incoming calls or data.
So, the correct answer is D. RRC_INACTIVE, is not an RRC state in 5G according to 3GPP
specifications. It's worth noting that the RRC state of the mobile device can change dynamically
based on the network conditions, service requirements, and the mobile device's power
management.