What part(s) of the OSI network model does the IETF primarily focus on for the development of
standards?
C
Explanation:
IETF's Focus: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) primarily develops and standardizes internet
protocols operating at the Network Layer (Layer 3) and above in the OSI model.
Key Protocols: Some prominent IETF-developed protocols include:
IP (Internet Protocol): Foundation of internet addressing and routing.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable, connection-oriented data transport.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Connectionless, best-effort data transport.
DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names into IP addresses.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Web communication.
Reference
IETF Website:
https://www.ietf.org/
OSI Model:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
What organization maintains and publishes the 802.15.4 Standard?
B
Explanation:
IEEE 802.15.4: The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a fundamental specification for low-rate wireless
personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It serves as the basis for many wireless IoT protocols.
IEEE's Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is the organization responsible
for creating, maintaining, and publishing the 802.15.4 standard.
Reference
IEEE 802.15.4 Standard:
https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_15_4-2020.html
IEEE Website:
https://www.ieee.org/
What is the most common difference between a single board computer (SBC) and a controller board?
A
Explanation:
SBCs (Single Board Computers): Designed as standalone, small-form-factor computers. They often
include:
Display Interfaces: HDMI, DisplayPort, etc.
Input Connections: USB for keyboards, mice, etc.
General Purpose Functionality: Can run a full operating system for wider applications.
Controller Boards: Focus on controlling specific hardware or systems.
Limited direct I/O: Limited connectors for displays/input devices.
Specialized tasks: Designed for embedded applications within larger systems.
Reference
SBC Examples:
https://www.raspberrypi.org/
,
https://www.beagleboard.org/
Controller Board Examples:
https://www.arduino.cc/
You are considering the implementation of a lab for testing wireless equipment. What is the primary
benefit of such a lab? (Choose the single best answer.)
D
Explanation:
Lab Purpose: Wireless testing labs offer controlled settings to:
Skill Development: Hone practical understanding of wireless technologies without impacting
production environments.
Experimentation: Safely test different configurations, compatibility, and potential issues.
Troubleshooting: Isolate problems, test solutions, and understand how equipment behaves in various
scenarios.
Other Benefits (While not the primary benefit):
Learning Environment: Ideal for structured training and exploration.
Evaluation: Compare hardware performance before deployment.
Reference
Benefits of IT Labs: Can be extended from wireless to broader IT experimentation and learning.
(Articles on this topic are readily available)
What is the typical range of a wireless body area network (WBAN)?
A
Explanation:
WBAN Range: Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) specialize in short-range communication
around the human body. Typical ranges fall within 1-2 meters.
Purpose: This range is designed to:
Connect sensors monitoring health metrics.
Transmit data to a central coordinator device (e.g., smartphone).
Minimize interference potential with other wireless networks.
Reference
WBAN Overview:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_area_network
WBAN Research Paper (Check Range Discussion):
https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/11/4/67
What software is typically stored in ROM and is used to initialize a device?
A
Explanation:
Firmware Definition: Firmware is a type of software embedded in hardware devices. It provides low-
level instructions that control the basic operations and initialization of the device.
ROM Storage: Firmware is typically stored in Read-Only Memory (ROM) or other forms of non-
volatile memory, meaning it persists even when the device is powered off.
Functions:
Booting: Initiates the hardware and loads the operating system.
Hardware Control: Provides an interface between the hardware and the operating system.
BIOS: The firmware on PCs is often referred to as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).
Reference
Firmware Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
ROM:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory
You have been asked to consider smart building opportunities for your organization. Which one of
these is a benefit of smart building technology?
B
Explanation:
Smart Building Core Benefit: Smart building technologies primarily aim to optimize a building's
operational efficiency through automation and data-driven insights.
Efficiency Examples:
Energy Management: Automated lighting and HVAC control based on occupancy and environmental
conditions.
Maintenance: Predictive maintenance through IoT sensors reduces downtime.
Space Utilization: Optimization of space allocation based on real-time usage patterns.
Reference
Smart Buildings:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_building
Articles on Benefits of Smart Buildings: A quick search will yield many resources detailing these
advantages.
What best describes the area covered or connected by a WWAN?
C
Explanation:
WWAN (Wide-Area Wireless Network): WWANs provide connectivity over extensive geographic
areas, typically covering regions or even entire countries.
Cellular Technology: WWANs often rely on cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G) offered by mobile carriers.
Reference
WWAN:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_wide_area_network
What function does the IEEE perform in relation to wireless technologies?
A
Explanation:
IEEE's Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a global organization critical
in developing and promoting technical standards across various fields, including wireless
technologies.
Standards Work: IEEE creates wireless technology standards like:
IEEE 802.11: Wi-Fi standards
IEEE 802.15.4: Basis for ZigBee, Thread, and other low-power networks
Reference
IEEE:
https://www.ieee.org/
What is the benefit of using SINR as opposed to SNR to reference signal quality at a receiver?
A
Explanation:
SINR vs. SNR:
SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio): Measures the power of the desired signal relative to background noise.
SINR (Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio): Considers both background noise and interference
from other signals operating on the same frequency.
Practical Importance: SINR is a more realistic indicator of real-world signal quality in wireless
environments where interference is a significant factor.
Reference
SINR:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-interference-plus-noise_ratio
SNR:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio
What is defined as the weakening of signal amplitude as the signal passes through a medium?
C
Explanation:
Attenuation: Describes the progressive loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium (like air,
cables, walls). It's caused by factors like absorption, distance, and obstacles.
Other Phenomena:
Diffraction: Bending of waves around obstacles.
Reflection: Waves bouncing off surfaces.
**Scattering: ** Waves dispersing in multiple directions.
Reference
Attenuation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation
How is ASK modulation different from FSK modulation?
A
Explanation:
Key Modulation Differences:
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): Digital data is represented by changes in the amplitude (strength) of a
carrier wave.
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): Digital data is represented by changes in the frequency of a carrier
wave.
Reference
ASK:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying
FSK:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying
What does the number in the various Quadrature Amplitude Modulation levels, such as 16 in QAM-
16 and 64 in QAM-64, indicate? (Choose the single best answer.)
C
Explanation:
QAM Constellations: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) uses a constellation diagram where
points represent unique combinations of amplitude and phase.
Bits per Symbol: The number in QAM-XX indicates the number of points:
QAM-16: 16 points = 2^4 = 4 bits per symbol
QAM-64: 64 points = 2^6 = 6 bits per symbol
Higher Data Rates: More points in the constellation enable transmitting more bits per symbol,
leading to higher data rates at the same bandwidth.
Reference
QAM:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
What modulation is used by LoRa?
B
Explanation:
LoRa Modulation: LoRa (Long Range) is a proprietary wireless technology that utilizes Chirp Spread
Spectrum (CSS) modulation.
CSS Characteristics:
Spread spectrum technique for resilience against interference.
Chirps (frequency sweeps) enable operation below the noise floor for long range.
Reference
LoRa:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa
Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum
What primary component is required to implement a wireless transceiver in a device?
D
Explanation:
Wireless Transceiver: A transceiver is a combination of a transmitter and receiver used for wireless
communication.
Radio: The radio is the primary component responsible for:
Modulation: Encoding data onto a carrier wave.
Demodulation: Extracting data from a received signal.
Transmission/Reception: Handling the actual sending and receiving of modulated signals over the air.
Reference
Transceiver:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver